Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health. It is defined by body mass index. Health Promotion. Here's a concept: eat one less.do one more. Over time, reduce intake and increase activity. Eat one less: helping per meal, meal per week, snack. Sodium. The chemical element sodium is classed as an alkali metal. It was discovered in 1. Sir Humphry Davy. Data Zone. Classification: Sodium is an alkali metal Color: silvery- white Atomic weight: 2. State: solid Melting point: 9. C, 3. 70. 8. 7 K Boiling point: 8. C, 1. 15. 6 K Electrons: 1. Protons: 1. 1Neutrons in most abundant isotope: 1. Electron shells: 2,8,1 Electron configuration: 1s. Density @ 2. 0o. C: 0. Show more, including: Heats, Energies, Oxidation, Reactions, Compounds, Radii, Conductivities. Atomic volume: 2. Does Estrogen Contribute to Weight Gain? Your Question Answered. Excess estrogen and weight gain is said to be one directly proportional proposition, i.e., if levels. Interesting Facts about Sodium. It’s possible this page could have been titled Can stress cause you to gain weight? WebMD shares the answer and explains what you should do with it. Drugs That May Cause Weight Gain. Several other prescription drugs are linked to weight gain. The list includes antipsychotic drugs (used to treat disorders like. ![]() Structure: bcc: body- centered cubic Hardness: 0. Specific heat capacity 1. J g- 1 K- 1. Heat of fusion 2. J mol- 1. Heat of atomization 1. J mol- 1. Heat of vaporization 9. J mol- 1. 1st ionization energy 4. J mol- 1. 2nd ionization energy 4. J mol- 1. 3rd ionization energy 6. J mol- 1. Electron affinity 5. J mol- 1. Minimum oxidation number - 1 Min. Maximum oxidation number 1 Max. Image by Herge. In 1. Royal Institution, London, a few days after isolating potassium for the first time, he isolated sodium for the first time by electrolysis of dried sodium hydroxide, which had been very slightly moistened. Davy noted that the metal which formed at the wire electrode he placed in the sodium hydroxide was a liquid, but became solid on cooling and “appeared to have the lustre of silver.” (1) “It is exceedingly malleable and is much softer than any of the common metallic substances. He asked whether the new substance should be classed as a metal and noted that most other scientists thought it should, despite the fact that its density was much lower than the other metals then known: “. Gilbert suggested the new element should be called natronium. Berzelius preferred the shorter natrium, from which we get the chemical symbol for sodium, Na. Their alloys however are not. Na. K alloys containing 1. The commercially available 7. 9 Surprising Foods That Can Make You Gain Weight—Or Even Cause Health Problems. K, 2. 2% Na alloy stays liquid at temperatures as low as - 1. C (9. 3 o. F). Humans and other animals need sodium to maintain the correct fluid balance in their cells. An immediate effect of low sodium can be seen in heat cramping, when athletes’ muscles seize up after exertion. Heat cramping is caused by the loss of sodium ions when salt is removed from the body in sweat. Sodium is produced in heavy stars, mainly when atoms of neon gain a proton. The same salt could cover all the land on Earth to a depth of almost 5. The energized sodium atoms glow, forming a small, bright spot. Anyone looking from ground level sees a new, artificial star. The twinkles of this . The atmosphere’s distortions are therefore removed, allowing very clear images to be taken of real stars. Image by ESO/G. The pump maintains our cells’ electrolyte balance, with excess potassium ions inside cells and excess sodium ions outside cells. This concentration gradient creates a voltage across the cell wall, which allows electrical signals to be transmitted in neurons and in muscles. It also provides the energy for processes in cell- membranes. Image by Phi- Gastrein. Contact with the skin may, however, cause irritation and burns. Characteristics: Sodium is a soft, silvery- white metal. It is soft enough to cut with the edge of a coin. Freshly cut surfaces oxidize rapidly in air to form a dull, oxide coating. Sodium burns in air with a brilliant yellow flame. Sodium floats on water, because its density is lower than water’s. It also reacts vigorously with water – violently if more than a small amount of sodium meets water (see video on left) – to produce sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. Sodium reacts with water more vigorously than lithium and less vigorously than potassium. Explosions occur when the heat generated by the sodium- water reaction ignites the resulting hydrogen gas. Uses of Sodium Metallic sodium is used in the manufacture of sodamide and esters, and in the preparation of organic compounds. The metal also may be used to modify alloys such as aluminum–silicon by improving their mechanical properties and fluidity. Sodium is used to descale (smooth the surface of) metals and to purify molten metals. Sodium vapor lamps are highly efficient in producing light from electricity and are often used for street lighting in cities. Sodium is used as a heat transfer agent; for example, liquid sodium is used to cool nuclear reactors. Sodium chloride (table salt, Na. Cl) is vital for good nutrition. Sodium ions facilitate transmission of electrical signals in the nervous system and regulate the water balance between body cells and body fluids. Abundance and Isotopes. Abundance earth’s crust: 2. Abundance solar system: 4. Cost, pure: $2. 5 per 1. Cost, bulk: $ per 1. Source: Due to its high reactivity, sodium is found in nature only as a compound and never as the free element. Sodium is our planet’s sixth most abundant element and it is the most abundant alkali metal. Sodium is obtained commercially by electrolysis of molten sodium chloride. Isotopes: Sodium has 1. Naturally occurring sodium consists of its one stable isotope, 2. Na. References. 1. Humphry Davy, The Bakerian Lecture, on some new phenomena of chemical changes produced by electricity, particularly the decomposition of the fixed alkalies, and the exhibition of the new substances. Elementymology & Elements: Sodium. Educ., 1. 93. 3, 1. Educ., 1. 98. 0, 5. Thomas, Peter P. Edwards, Vladimir L. Kuznetsov, Sir Humphry Davy: Boundless Chemist, Physicist, Poet and Man of Action., Chem. Phys. Chem., 2. 00. Cite this Page. For online linking, please copy and paste one of the following. Promote Health Through Diet and Exercise. The Obesity Problem. At the beginning of the 2. This has resulted in an increasing number of persons who are obese. This is a problem even amongst children. Half of persons in the U. S. This number increased by 5. There are a multitude of health complications from obesity. The formula is simple. Food eaten – Exercise = Weight Gained Another way of explaining the situation: Delicious, Calorie Dense Food + Sedentary Lifestyle = Obesity Most people live in a food toxic environment and are bombarded by cues to buy and eat food throughout the day. In addition, stress drives overeating. People who implicate insufficient exercise as a cause for obesity tend to consume more food and have a higher BMI than people who believe obesity is caused by a poor diet. In general, for a normal healthy adult to maintain body weight with just activities of daily living, caloric intake must be limited to 1. Thus, a 1. 50 lb (6. Exercise can increase caloric use, and exercise has a . Of course, growing children require more calories. Over time, reduce intake and increase activity. Eat one less: helping per meal, meal per week, snack per day, etc. Do one more: day with exercise, hour of exercise, repetition of activity, etc. Here's another concept, especially for kids: go outside. Why stare at pixels jumping around the screen of an electronic device when there are creative and rewarding activities to be accomplished with physical activity. Get a life. Just brisk walking for 2. A good aerobic exercise with cardiovascular benefit is to climb 1. Increase by one flight per week to achieve the goal. Young adults can generally eat more and not gain weight, but metabolism tends to slow in the mid- 3. One pound (0. 4. 5 kg) of fat has 3. An excess intake of only 0. The average weight gain in young adults averages 0. The body mass index (BMI, defined below) may be related to multiple genetic factors in 3. Single gene defects that produce a defined disease marked by obesity, such as the Prader- Willi syndrome, are extremely rare. A hormone produced in adipocytes (fat cells) known as leptin has the function of informing the hypothalamus about the state of fat stores. Leptin inhibits food intake and increases energy expenditure via an interaction with specific leptin receptors located in the hypothalamus. Differences in leptin levels may explain differences in BMI. Situations during life in which weight gain is more likely to occur include: adolescence, pregnancy, mid- life in women, and following marriage in men. Persons who emigrate to a more urbanized culture tend to gain weight. Behavioral or environmental changes in life, such as smoking cessation, are associated with weight gain. Weight gained during holiday periods and festivals is more than at other times of the year and tends not to be lost. Among pairs of adult siblings, if one sibling becomes obese, the chance that the other becomes obese increases by 4. If one spouse becomes obese, the likelihood that the other spouse becomes obese increases by 3. This is part of preventivie medicine. The ten words of prevention: Go outside. Honor commitments. What are the Risks? Obesity is measured most accurately by calculating the body mass index, or BMI. The BMI is calculated as follows. Body Mass Index = weight in kg / height in meters. An ideal body mass index (BMI) is in the range of 2. In general, a BMI > 2. Using a definition of obesity as a BMI of 3. U. S. In a study of persons who were overweight at the age of 5. BMI of 2. 3. 5 to 2. The mortality risk among obese subjects was two to at least three times that of participants with a BMI of 2. A central distribution of fat, as is more typical of men, carries a higher risk for morbidity. A more peripheral distribution, as in hips and thighs in women, carries a lesser risk. The risk can be determined by measuring waist circumference and by calculating a waist- to- hip circumference ratio. In general, a waist: hip circumference ratio > 0. Obesity in childhood increases the risk for morbidity, regardless of whether obesity persists into adulthood. Risks for morbidity are increased as follows when the BMI is 2. Sex. Diabetes Mellitus. Hypertension. Coronary Artery Disease. Cholelithiasis. Women. Men. 82 - 3. 22 - 3. The relationhip between BMI and all- cause mortality has been shown in a large study involving nearly 1. White persons in the U. S. The table below gives the estimated hazard ratios for death from any cause for persons who never smoked, according to BMI category: (Berrington de Gonzalez et al, 2. Hazard Ratios - Deaths from Any Cause. This study shows that risk for death from cancer and from cardiovascular disease increases with BMI. Specific Health Risks with Obesity. There are some diseases that are seen with increased frequency in persons who are obese, including certain types of cancer, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, stroke, hypertension, cardiomyopathy, non- alcoholic steatohepatitis, osteoarthritis, reproductive problems, sleep apnea, and gallbladder disease. Cancer. The following cancers are seen with increased frequency in persons who are overweight: A third to half of cases of endometrial carcinoma occur in women with a BMI > 2. Breast cancer risk is increased with obesity mainly for women who are postmenopausal. Half of cases of breast carcinoma in postmenopausal women occur in association with a BMI of > 2. Risks for cancers of the lung, colon/rectum, and breast are diminished with healthy lifesytle/dietary patterns. The range of cancer types is broad, including esophagus, colon, rectum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, kidney, non- Hodgkin lymphoma, and multiple myeloma in both men and women. In, prostate and stomach cancers are more frequent with increasing BMI, while in women breast, uterus, cervix, and ovarian cancers are more frequent. Of these, 9. 0 to 9. II (DM type II), the type associated with obesity. About 8. 0 to 9. 0% of persons with type II diabetes mellitus are obese. About two- thirds of persons with DM type II have a BMI of at least 2. DM type II have a BMI of at least 3. A major complication of diabetes mellitus results from the accelerated, advanced atherosclerosis. Metabolic Syndrome. The global epidemic of obesity and diabetes mellitus has led to a marked increase in the number of persons worldwide with metabolic syndrome. Both type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome share common features, and patients may be defined as having one or both. Metabolic syndrome, also known as syndrome X, or the insulin resistance syndrome, is defined as follows (Eckel et al, 2. Diabetes or impaired fasting glycaemia or impaired glucose tolerance or insulin resistance, plus 2 or more of the following. Obesity: BMI > 3. Dyslipidemia: triglycerides = or > 1. L or HDL cholesterol < 3. LHypertension: blood pressure > 1. Hg. Microalbuminuria: albumin excretion > 2. Patients with both type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome are at increased risk for cardiovascular complications from both arerial and arteriolar disease. They should be treated to keep the Hgb A1. C under 7% (Tuomilehto et al, 2. Therapeutic goals and recommendations include. Lose 1. 0% of body weight over the first year through lifestyle modifications with diet and exercise, thereafter continue weight loss or maintain weight. Institute a regular program of physical activity that includes 3. Reduce intake of saturated fats, trans fats, and cholesterol. Stop smoking. Coronary Artery Disease. Persons with diabetes mellitus are at increased risk for accelerated and advanced atherosclerosis that increases the risk for coronary artery disease that can lead to myocardial ischemia and myocardial infarction. However, even obese persons who do not have hyperglycemia can have an increased risk for coronary atherosclerosis. Obese persons have a > 5. L. In contrast, a study of middle- aged women revealed that those who did not smoke, were not overweight, maintained a healthy diet, and exercised at least moderately for a half hour each day had an incidence of coronary events 8. Adoption of major lifestyle changes including diet and exercise in middle aged adults can lead to lowering of LDL cholesterol levels by 3. Hypertension that is untreated can increase the risk for heart failure, kidney failure, and stroke. The rate of ischemic cerebrovascular disease is 7. BMI > 2. 7 and 1. BMI > 3. 2, compared to women with a BMI of 2. Though not included in this study, risks for men are increased as well. It is estimated that if adults from 4. U. S. In these patients, the heart is globally enlarged, similar to a dilated cardiomyopathy. If such persons lose weight, the heart diminishes in size. This obesity cardiomyopathy may be related to blood volume expansion or other factors. Dietary patterns play a role in the development of steatosis (fatty change) in the liver. Obesity increases the risk for alterations in hepatocyte function that lead to accumulation of lipid in hepatocytes and hepatomegaly. NAFL reduces the metabolic function of the liver. NAFL can proceed to non- alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), to liver failure, and even cirrhosis, with an increased risk for development of hepatocellular carcinoma. A BMI of 3. 0 or more markedly increases the risk for osteoarthritis of the knees. Interestingly, obese persons are less likely to have osteoporosis, but osteoarthritis more than makes up for this. Reproductive Problems. Women who are obese are more likely to have menstrual irregularities and ovulatory infertility, including the polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Women with PCOS typically have irregular bleeding, hirsutism, and/or infertility in association with chronic anovulation and androgen excess not attributable to another cause. PCOS is estimated to occur in 4% of women, but there is an increased prevalence with diabetes mellitus and obesity. Conversely, women with PCOS are more likely to have obesity and diabetes mellitus.
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